Flow Cytometry is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. In this process, a sample …

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method enables researchers to better understand …

In epifluorescence microscopy, a parallel beam of light is passed directly upwards through the sample, maximizing the amount of illumination. This is also referred to as …

The entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the lowest to the highest frequency.  includes all radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays, etc. …

X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body. An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a …

A gamma ray (g) is a packet of electromagnetic energy (photon) emitted by the nucleus of some radionuclides following radioactive decay. Gamma photons are the most energetic …

Infrared radiation (IR), or infrared light, is a type of radiant energy that’s invisible to human eyes but that we can feel as heat. All …

Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma-rays. Microwaves have a range of applications, including communications, radar …

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength in the electromagnetic  spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300 gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 30 hertz (Hz). At 300 GHz, the corresponding wavelength is …

radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. As energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time. The …