Study of Component of blood:

The whole blood has two components-

1. Blood plasma (55%)

2. Cells element (45%)

1. Blood plasma (55%):

Blood plasma is a watery liquid matrix that contains dissolved substance. Which is formed by removing cells element from blood.

 Part of blood plasma or substance in blood plasma-

(a) Water: 91.5% of plasma is water , this is the liquid portion of blood. It is work as a solvent and suspending medium for components of blood. It is work as a absorbent transporter and release of heat.

(b) Protein: 7% of blood plasma is protein. The protein exert colloidal osmotic pressure , which help maintain water balance between blood and tissue and regulates blood volume.

There are three protein which are present in blood in abundance as follows-

(I) Albumin: This protein is produced by liver. This protein is work as a transporter for several steroid hormone and for fatty acids.

(II) Globulins: It is produced by liver and plasma cells which develop from B. lymphocytes. It is function as antibodies ( Immune globulins). The antibodies is attack virus and bacteria alpha and betta globulins transport iron , liquid and fat soluble vitamins ( vitamins- A, D, E and K).

(III) Fibrinogen: This type of protein is produced by liver its play important role in blood clotting except these important components following substances also present in blood plasma. In the substance 1.5% are solutes.

• Electrolytes: Electrolytes are inorganic salts charged ions (cations) that include (Sodium , Potassium , Magnesium and Calcium. Negative charged ions (CL^– , HPo₄^-2 , So₄^2- and HCo₃^–). The electrolytes help maintain osmotic pressure and play important role in the function of cells.

• Nutrients: The product  of the digestion pass into the blood for distribution to all body cells include amino acids ( from protein), glucose (from carbohydrate), fatty acids and glycosole (from triglycerides), vitamins and minerals.
• Gases: The gases are present into blood plasma most of the gases are oxygen (O₂) , Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen (N₂). The maximum part of oxygen is associated with hemoglobin which is present him Red blood cells (R.B.C)  , most of the carbon dioxide is dissolved into plasma. Nitrogen is also present into the plasma but has no known function in the body.

• Regulatory Substance: These are the enzymes produced by body cells. These catalyzed chemical reaction. Hormones is also substance which is present into blood plasma which regulate metabolism, growth & development of the body.
• Waste products: Most are breakdown product of protein metabolism are carried by blood plasma to organ of excretion include urea, uric acid, creative, creatinine , bilirubin and ammonia.

2. Blood Elements (Blood Cells) or Formed elements:

The formed elements of the blood include three principal components.

(A) Red  blood cells (R.B.C)

(B) White blood cells (W.B.C)

(C) Platelets

The R.B.C and W.B.C are whole cells , platelets are cell fragments.

The % percentage of total blood volume occupied by R.B.C is called the haematocrit.

For  Example: A haematocrit of 40 means that 40% of the volume of blood is composed of R.B.C.

Note: The normal range of haematocrit for adult females is 38-46 % (Average 42) and for a adult males it is 40-54% (Average 47). Due to the harmone testosterone which is present in male higher than in female that stimulates production of R.B.C and synthesis of erethro poitein.

 (A) Red Blood Cells:

R.B.C or erythrocytes contain the oxygen carry protein hemoglobin which is a pigments that give blood red color.

Number of R.B.C: A healthy adult in male has about 5.4 million red blood cells (R.B.C) per micro liter of blood. At a healthy adult in female has about 4.8 million.

                                                        1 million                = 10 lakh

                                                       One drop of blood = 50µl

R.B.C Life Cycle: R.B.C live only 120 days because of the wear and tear their plasma membrane as they undergo as they squeeze through blood. The plasma membrane become more fragile with age, and the cells are burst these R.B.C are destroyed by macrophages of spleen and liver.

Characteristics of R.B.C: The R.B.C are 7-8µm in diameter, these are  biconcave disc without nucleus.

Function Of R.B.C: The hemoglobin which is present in R.B.C transport most of the oxygen from lungs to all over body organs. It also transport the Carbon dioxide from body organ to lungs.

(B) White blood cells (W.B.C):

Unlike white blood cells or leukocytes have a nucleus do not contain hemoglobin.

                    W.B.C are classified into two category:

 (1) Granular Leukocytes

 (2) Agrunular Leukocytes

(1) Granular Leukocytes: The granular leukocytes display granule with distinctive colleration that can be recognized by microscope. We can say in granular leukocytes the nucleus are connected two or more than two loss.

The granular leukocytes on the basis of follows divided into three category-

• Neutrophils: The granuler leukocytes are smaller and distributed the nucleus as two or five loss connected by thin strands of chromotion. The diameter of neutrophils 10-12 µm and cytoplasm have very fine pale granules. This type of leukocytes 60-70% of all W.B.C present in blood.

Function: The neutrophils are phagocytosis and destroy the bacteria. Neutrophils also difense the body against bacteria with lysozyme strong oxidant , such as super oxide hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite.

Note: The high counts of the neutrophils in blood of shows bacterial infections, burns,strass, inflammation and lower number of neutrophils of shows radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vit-B12 deficiency , systemic lupus, erythe matosus.

• Tosinophils: These are the 10-12µm indirect and nucleus has two or three loss, large ,red, orange granules presence in cytoplasm. The total number of the tosinophils is 2-4 % of all white blood cells.

Function: The tosinophils compact the effect of his tamine in allergie reactions, phagocytize antigen antibody complex and destroy certain type of parasite worns.

Note: The increase number of the tosinophils shows allegie reactions, parasite infection. Autoimmune disease and the low number of the tosinophils shows drug toxicity and stress.

• Basophils: Basophils are 8-10µm in diameter its nucleus has two lobes and cytoplasmic granules is appear deep blue purple color . The total number of basophils is 0.5-1% of all white blood cells.

Function: The basophils liberate heparain histamine and serotonic in allergie reaction that responsible over all inflammatory reactions.

Note: The increase number of the basophils shows allergie reaction, leukaemia, cancer, hypothy rodism and low number of the basophils shows pregnancy, ovulation, stress and hyper thyrodism.

(2) Agranular Leukocytes: Agranular leukocytes passes cytoplasmic granular but these granular are not visible under a light microscope because their small size and poor staining qualities. They are classify into two category.

• Lymphocytes: A lymphocytes include include Tcells , B cells & natural killer cells. These are 20-25% of all W.B.CS. Small lymphocytes are 6-9µm in diameter and large lymhocytes are 10-14µm in diameter, A nucleus is round and cytoplasm form a rim arround the nucleus that looks sky blue.

Function: The lymphocytes mediate immune response, including antigen-antibody reactions. Β cells develop into plasma cells which screate antibody. Tcells attack virus, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells. Natural cells attack on wide variety of infection microbes. At certain spontaneusoly arising tumar cells.

Note: The high Increase number of the lymphocytes shows viral infection & some type of leukaemia and the decrease umber of lymphocytes shows prolonged illness, imuno suspression & treatment with cortisol.

• Monocytes: monocytes are 3-8% of all W.B.C These are 12-20µm in diameter and nucleus is kidney shaped horse shoe shape, cytoplasmic is blue gray in colour and foamy in appearance.

Function: The main function phagocytosis after trans forming into fixed or woundering macrophages.

Note: The increase number of monocytes shows viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis some leukemias and other chromin disease. The decrease number of monocytes shows bone marrow supression & treatment with cortisol.

(C) Platelets: They are also called thromocytes.

Normal Number: 150000-400000/µm.

Shape & Size: 2-4 µm in diameter and have many vesicles.

Life span: Live 5-9 and platelets are remove fixed macrophages in the spleen & liver. Function: Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels forming a platelet plug . These granules contains chemicals promote blood clotting